what Pius XI taught, albeit from another angle. It is still Catholic teaching to affirm procreation as the primary end of sex as long as this is understood to be looking at the act from an abstract, philosophical point of view. It does not mean that couples must always deliberately intend each sex act to be fecund (“we must respect the primary end!”) nor that the “secondary ends” of unity and pleasure are somehow second fiddle or unimportant. The older approach may be harmonized with the new by seeing